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The techniques Theodore Biewer and his colleagues are using to measure whether plasma has the right conditions to create fusion have been around awhile.

The specialized lasers and off-the-shelf components they’re working with are nothing new, either.

But assembling them into a portable diagnostic system that can be loaded in a cargo van and driven on a cross-country tour of experimental fusion reactor prototypes?

Biewer thinks his team will be the first to successfully do that—this fall.

Measuring plasma parameters

For about a year, Biewer, a researcher in the Fusion Energy Division at the Department of Energy’s 91����, has been thinking of a way to build a portable system, using only commercially available components, that can accurately measure electron temperature, ion temperature, and electron density in fusion prototypes funded by DOE’s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E).

ARPA-E is funding nine projects under its 2015 ALPHA program—which, if successful, could serve as a technological basis for new reactor designs. But the agency needed a way to tell whether the plasma in the prototypes is hot enough, dense enough, and contained well enough in the magnetic field to produce fusion. In January 2019, the agency solicited additional proposals to build portable diagnostic systems to measure key parameters in these new machines. Biewer’s team’s proposal was selected last summer and received a little more than $1 million in funding in November 2019.

By that time, Biewer, who is principal investigator, had already researched the commercially available components for optical emission spectroscopy, a technique that uses light to measure which types of ions are present in what concentrations and at what temperatures, and Thomson scattering, which uses lasers to measure electron density and temperature by the scattering of the laser light off of the electrons in the plasma.

Six months to results

Biewer said Thomson scattering is the gold standard for measuring those parameters, in part because it produces data that are useful without needing a lot of interpretation. Thomson scattering is generally performed with high-end lasers that have been adapted and built into permanent systems housed in dedicated climate-controlled buildings adjacent to the plasma reactors.

“They’re very complicated systems that really do the job well,” Biewer said. “But ARPA-E wanted to be able to move the system from machine to machine. So we proposed using some lasers that aren’t as powerful as the ones used in these permanent systems but that still have enough energy to get the job done.”

R&D staff member Drew Elliott, postdoctoral researcher Nischal Kafle, and University of Tennessee graduate student Zichen “Horus” He have been building the system on a rolling cart, assisted by instrumentation specialist Wayne Garren and He’s adviser, UT professor Zhili Zhang.

Turnaround was to be quick — but then COVID-19 foiled the team’s schedule. Plans were to have tested the system on a plasma source in ORNL’s Engineering Technology Center in March, but that lab has not yet reopened, and He is unable to come onto campus at all. The 23rd Topical Conference on High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics in New Mexico, scheduled for May, at which the team planned to present data, has been reset for November.

By June, the team had planned to take their system on the road, boxed up in a cargo van from ORNL’s motor pool, with the first stop at Princeton Plasma Physics Lab (PPPL) in New Jersey. But PPPL, designated a COVID-19 “hot spot” by ORNL, isn’t scheduled to open to staff until at least end of June, and ORNL staffers are not traveling anyway. Biewer now hopes that trip will happen in October.

‘Have laser, will travel’

After 4–6 months testing the system on a fusion device at PPPL, the team will take it to another fusion device at the University of Washington in Seattle and test it for about the same amount of time. That timeframe, too, depends on COVID-19; ORNL has also designated Seattle a “hot spot.” A trip to measure a third device is possible sometime next year—“Have laser, will travel,” Biewer said.

Even with delays, the team’s enthusiasm for the project hasn’t waned. ORNL’s history as a leader in fusion energy made it a prime location for a project of this sort—even amid skepticism that a portable device could produce measurements accurate enough to be useful.

“We have experience from systems built here,” Biewer said. “We know what it takes, and we’re in a convenient time in technology development to bring all this together in a package that we can shepherd around to these different fusion devices to measure whether they can do what we say they can.

“We have enough know-how that even if we do encounter some pitfalls, we know how to get ourselves out. You can’t know everything in advance, but you can adjust to events on the fly.”

Biewer’s then-Group Leader, Jeff Harris, nicknamed the system “suitcase Thomson scattering,” but all the systems ARPA-E is funding for this project are portable, Biewer said. What makes his team’s design unique is the use of off-the-shelf components instead of custom-built or extensively adapted parts.

If it works as expected, the design ultimately could lead to a mass-produced system, or ARPA-E may continue to fund the team’s research to improve the concept.

“The next design might be even better: more compact, more accurate,” Biewer said.

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