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In additive manufacturing, choice of process parameters for a given material and geometry can result in porosities in the build volume, which can result in scrap.

A novel method that prevents detachment of an optical fiber from a metal/alloy tube and allows strain measurement up to higher temperatures, about 800 C has been developed. Standard commercial adhesives typically only survive up to about 400 C.

Distortion generated during additive manufacturing of metallic components affect the build as well as the baseplate geometries. These distortions are significant enough to disqualify components for functional purposes.

For additive manufacturing of large-scale parts, significant distortion can result from residual stresses during deposition and cooling. This can result in part scraps if the final part geometry is not contained in the additively manufactured preform.

Test facilities to evaluate materials compatibility in hydrogen are abundant for high pressure and low temperature (<100C).

In additive manufacturing large stresses are induced in the build plate and part interface. A result of these stresses are deformations in the build plate and final component.

Materials produced via additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, can experience significant residual stress, distortion and cracking, negatively impacting the manufacturing process.

Fusion reactors need efficient systems to create tritium fuel and handle intense heat and radiation. Traditional liquid metal systems face challenges like high pressure losses and material breakdown in strong magnetic fields.

The traditional window installation process involves many steps. These are becoming even more complex with newer construction requirements such as installation of windows over exterior continuous insulation walls.